BITS AND BYTES

• Bit = Binary digit ( 0 or 1)
• 4 bits = 1 nibble
• 8 bits = 1 byte
• 1024 bytes = 1 Kilobyte ( Note: 1 kilobyte =1024 bytes and not 1000 bytes)
• 1024 KB = 1 Megabyte
• 1024 MB =1Gigabyte
• 1024 GB = 1 Terabyte
• 1024 TB = 1 Petabyte
• 1024 PB = 1Exabyte
• 1024 EB = 1 Zettabyte
• 1024 ZB = 1 Yottabyte

Top 10 Monuments in India

1. Taj Mahal

Location: Agra

2. Hawa Mahal

Location: Jaipur

3. Lotus Temple

Location: Delhi

4. Mysore Palace

Location: Karnataka

5. Sanchi Stupa

Location: Madhya Pradesh

6. Qutub Minar

Location: Delhi

7. Victoria Memorial

Location: Kolkata

8. Gateway of India

Location: Mumbai

9. Charminar

Location: Hyderabad

10. Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus

Location: Mumbai

PREAMBLE TO THE CONSTITUTION

The Indian Constitution starts with the preamble which outlines the main objectives of the Constitution. It reads:

" WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN, SOCIALIST, SECULAR, DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLIC and to secure all its citizens."

JUSTICE, social economic and political.

LIBERTY, of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship.

EQUALITY, of status and of opportunity, and to promote among them all.

FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and unity and integrity of the nation.

IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY, this twenty sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, "ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES HIS CONSTITUTION ".

Idea of preamble borrowed from Constitution of US.

The words ‘SOCIALIST’, ‘SECULAR’ and ‘UNITY’ & ‘INTEGRITY’ were added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976.

Preamble is not justifiable.

Languages of India

Language	State(s)
Assamese (Asamiya)	Assam, Arunachal Pradesh
Bengali	West Bengal, Tripura, Assam, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Jharkhand
Bodo	Assam
Dogri	Jammu and Kashmir
Gujarati	Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, Gujarat
Hindi	Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, the National capital territory of Delhi, Himachal Pradesh,Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Uttarakhand
Kannada	Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra
Kashmiri	Jammu and Kashmir
Konkani	Goa, Maharashtra, Karnataka
Maithili	Bihar
Malayalam	Kerala, Lakshadweep, Puducherry
Manipuri(includes Meitei)	Manipur
Marathi	Maharashtra, Goa, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu
Nepali	Sikkim, West Bengal
Odia	Odisha
Punjabi	Chandigarh, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand
Sanskrit	Uttarakhand
Santali	Santhal tribals of the Chota Nagpur Plateau (comprising the states of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha)
Sindhi	Sindh (now in Pakistan, Rajasthan, Kutch , Gujarat)
Tamil	Tamil Nadu, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Kerala, Puducherry
Telugu	Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Puducherry, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Tamil Nadu
Urdu	Jammu and Kashmir, Telangana, Delhi, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh

National Social Assistance Scheme

The National Assistance Program consists of five sub-schemes:

Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS)

Eligibility: Individuals aged 60 years and above living below the poverty line

Amount: Rs. 200 per month for beneficiaries aged 60–79 and Rs. 500 per month for those 80 years and above.

Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension Scheme (IGNWPS)

Eligibility: Widows aged 40 years and above living below the poverty line.

Amount: Rs. 300 per month (Rs. 500 for those 80 years and above).

Indira Gandhi National Disability Pension Scheme (IGNDPS)

Eligibility: Individuals aged 18 years and above with more than 80% disability and living below the poverty line.

Amount: Rs. 300 per month (Rs. 500 for those 80 years and above).

National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS)

In the event of death of a bread-winner in a household, the bereaved family will receive lumpsum assistance of Rs. 20,000. The bread-winner should have been between 18–60 years of age. The assistance would be provided in every case of death of a bread-winner in a household.

Annapurna Scheme

This scheme aims to provide food security to meet the requirement of those senior citizens who, though eligible, have remained uncovered under the IGNOAPS. Under the Annapurna Scheme, 10 kg of free rice is provided every month to each beneficiary.

Indian constitution

Indian constitution contains 395 articles in parts I to XXII and 12 schedules.

Parts of Indian constitution

Part	Subject	Articles
Part I	The Union and its territory	Art. 1 to 4
Part  II	Citizenship	Art. 5 to 11
Part III	Fundamental Rights	Art. 12 to 35
Part IV	Directive Principles	Art. 36 to 51
Part IVA	Fundamental Duties	Art. 51 A
Part V	The Union `	Art. 52 to 151
Part VI	The States	Art. 152 to 237
Part VII	Repealed by Const.(7th Amendment) Act, 1956
Part IX	The Panchayats	Art. 243 to 243 O
Part IXA	The Muncipalities	Art. 243P to 243ZG
Part IXB	The Co-operative Societies	Art. 243ZH to 243 ZT
Part X	The Scheduled and Tribal Areas	Art. 244 to 244A
Part XI	Relations between the Union the States	Art. 245 to 263
Part XII	Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits	Art. 264 to 300A
Part XIII	Trade, Commerce and Intercourse within the Territory of India	Art. 301 to 307
Part XIV	Service under the Union and the States	Art. 308 to 323
Part XIVA	Tribunals	Art.323A to 323B
Part XV	Elections	Art. 324 to 329A
Part XVI	Special provisions relating to certain classes	Art. 330 to 342
Part XVII	Official Language	Art. 343 to 351
Part XVIII	Emergency Provisions	Art. 352 to 360
Part XIX	Miscellaneous	Art. 361 to 367
Part XX	Amendment of the Constitution	Art. 368
Part XXI	Temporary, Transitional and Provisions	Art. 369 to 392
Part XXII	Short title, commencement, authoritative text in Hindi and repels	Art. 393 to 395

Important Articles of Indian Constitution

Article	Importance
Article 12 – 35	Specify the Fundamental Rights available
Article 36- 51	Specify the Directive Principles of state policy
Articles 51A	Specifies the Fundamental Duties of every citizen
Articles 80	Specifies the number of seats for the Rajya Sabha
Articles 81	Specifies the number of seats for the Lok Sabha
Articles 343	Hindi as official language
Article 356	Imposition of President’s Rule in states
Article 368	Amendment to the Constitution
Article 370	Special status to Kashmir
Article 395	Repeals India Independence Act and Government of India Act, 1935

Schedules to Indian constitution

Schedules 1 t 12

First Schedule  contains the list of states and union territories and their territories

Second schedule contains provisions as to the President, Governors of States, Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the House for the People and the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Council of States and the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly and the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council of a State, the Judges for the Supreme Court and of the High Courts and the Comptroller and Auditor – General of India.

Third Schedule contains the Forms of  Oaths or Affirmations.

Fourth Schedule contains provisions as to the allocation of seats in the Council of States.

Fifth Schedule contains provisions as to the Administration and Control of Schedules Areas and Scheduled  Tribes.

Sixth Schedule contains provisions as to the  Administration of Tribal Areas in the States of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.

Seventh Schedule contains Union list State list and  the concurrent list.

Eight Schedule contains the list of recognized languages.

Ninth Schedule contains provision sas to validation of certain Acts  and Regulations.

Tenth Schedule contains provisions as to disqualification on ground of defection.

Eleventh  Schedule contains the powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats.

Twelfth Schedule contains the powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities.